/* ============================================================
     DESIGN TOKENS
     Palette takes its two accents from the two halves of his
     career: "Delft blue" (TU Delft / Delft pottery, Netherlands)
     and aged brass (institute plaques, Pakistan). Ink is a near
     black navy so the accents keep their temperature.
     ============================================================ */
  :root{
    --ink: #16232E;
    --ink-soft: #4A5A68;
    --ink-faint: #7C8894;
    --paper: #F3F4F0;
    --paper-raised: #FDFDFC;
    --delft: #1E4C8A;
    --delft-deep: #10233F;
    --delft-tint: #E4EBF3;
    --brass: #AD7C2C;
    --brass-bright: #C89A4A;
    --brass-tint: #F1E6CD;
    --line: rgba(22,35,46,0.12);
    --line-soft: rgba(22,35,46,0.07);
    --radius-l: 22px;
    --radius-m: 14px;
    --radius-s: 8px;
    --shadow-card: 0 1px 2px rgba(16,35,63,0.06), 0 12px 32px -16px rgba(16,35,63,0.18);
    --max: 1120px;
    --font-display: "Fraunces", Georgia, serif;
    --font-body: "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
    --font-mono: "JetBrains Mono", ui-monospace, Menlo, monospace;
  }

  *,*::before,*::after{ box-sizing: border-box; }
  html{ scroll-behavior: smooth; }
  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){
    html{ scroll-behavior: auto; }
    *,*::before,*::after{ animation-duration: 0.001ms !important; animation-iteration-count: 1 !important; transition-duration: 0.001ms !important; scroll-behavior: auto !important; }
  }

  body{
    margin: 0;
    background: var(--paper);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: var(--font-body);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.6;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  }

  img{ max-width: 100%; display: block; }
  a{ color: inherit; }

  .container{
    max-width: var(--max);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 28px;
  }

  .skip-link{
    position: absolute; left: -999px; top: auto;
    background: var(--ink); color: #fff; padding: 12px 18px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-s); z-index: 999;
  }
  .skip-link:focus{ left: 20px; top: 20px; }

  :focus-visible{ outline: 2.5px solid var(--delft); outline-offset: 3px; }

  /* -------------------- Eyebrow / section labels -------------------- */
  .eyebrow{
    font-family: var(--font-mono);
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    color: var(--delft);
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 10px;
    margin: 0 0 14px;
  }
  .eyebrow::before{
    content: "§";
    color: var(--brass);
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  h1,h2,h3{
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin: 0 0 0.5em;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
  }

  .section{ padding: 88px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); }
  .section-head{ max-width: 640px; margin-bottom: 44px; }
  .section-head p{ color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: 1.05rem; }

  /* -------------------- Nav -------------------- */
  .nav{
    position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100;
    background: rgba(243,244,240,0.86);
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px) saturate(1.1);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .nav .container{
    display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between;
    height: 68px;
  }
  .nav__brand{
    font-family: var(--font-display); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.05rem;
    text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink);
    display: flex; flex-direction: column; line-height: 1.15;
  }
  .nav__brand small{
    font-family: var(--font-mono); font-weight: 400; font-size: 0.66rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--ink-faint); text-transform: uppercase;
  }
  .nav__links{ display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 30px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  .nav__links a{
    text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.94rem; color: var(--ink-soft);
    position: relative; padding: 4px 0;
  }
  .nav__links a:hover{ color: var(--ink); }
  .nav__links a::after{
    content: ""; position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: -3px; height: 2px;
    background: var(--brass); transform: scaleX(0); transform-origin: left;
    transition: transform 0.25s ease;
  }
  .nav__links a:hover::after{ transform: scaleX(1); }
  .nav__cta{ display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; }
  .nav__toggle{
    display: none; background: none; border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 8px;
    color: var(--ink);
  }

  .btn{
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;
    font-family: var(--font-body); font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.92rem;
    padding: 11px 20px; border-radius: 999px; text-decoration: none;
    border: 1.5px solid transparent; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;
    transition: transform 0.18s ease, box-shadow 0.18s ease, background 0.18s ease;
  }
  .btn svg{ width: 15px; height: 15px; flex: none; }
  .btn--primary{ background: var(--delft); color: #fff; }
  .btn--primary:hover{ background: var(--delft-deep); transform: translateY(-1px); }
  .btn--ghost{ border-color: var(--line); color: var(--ink); background: transparent; }
  .btn--ghost:hover{ border-color: var(--delft); color: var(--delft); }
  .btn--brass{ background: var(--brass); color: #2A1D06; }
  .btn--brass:hover{ background: var(--brass-bright); transform: translateY(-1px); }
  .btn--small{ padding: 8px 14px; font-size: 0.82rem; }

  /* -------------------- Hero -------------------- */
  .hero{
    position: relative; overflow: hidden;
    padding: 80px 0 100px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft);
  }
  .hero__field{
    position: absolute; top: -10%; right: -12%; width: 900px; height: 900px;
    opacity: 0.55; pointer-events: none;
  }
  .hero .container{
    position: relative; z-index: 1;
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.15fr 0.85fr; gap: 56px; align-items: center;
  }
  .hero__meta{
    font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--ink-soft);
    display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 18px; margin: 22px 0 30px;
  }
  .hero__meta span{ display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; }
  .hero__meta svg{ width: 14px; height: 14px; color: var(--brass); }

  .hero h1{ font-size: clamp(2.3rem, 4vw, 3.4rem); line-height: 1.06; margin-bottom: 0.28em; }
  .hero__role{ font-size: 1.12rem; color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 46ch; margin-bottom: 22px; }
  .hero__tagline{ font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--ink); max-width: 52ch; margin-bottom: 34px; }
  .hero__tagline em{ font-style: normal; color: var(--delft); border-bottom: 2px solid var(--brass-tint); }
  .hero__actions{ display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px; }

  .hero__portrait{ position: relative; justify-self: center; }
  .hero__frame{
    position: relative; width: 320px; width: min(320px, 78vw); aspect-ratio: 1/1;
  }
  .hero__ring{
    position: absolute; inset: -18px; border-radius: 50%;
    border: 1.5px dashed var(--brass); opacity: 0.55;
    animation: spin 40s linear infinite;
  }
  @keyframes spin{ to{ transform: rotate(360deg); } }
  .hero__photo{
    width: 100%; height: 100%; border-radius: 50%; overflow: hidden;
    border: 6px solid var(--paper-raised);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card), 0 0 0 2px var(--delft);
  }
  .hero__photo img{ width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
  .hero__badge{
    position: absolute; right: 4%; bottom: 2%;
    background: var(--brass); color: #2A1D06;
    font-family: var(--font-mono); font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.76rem;
    padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 999px; box-shadow: var(--shadow-card);
    border: 3px solid var(--paper);
  }

  /* -------------------- About -------------------- */
  .about__grid{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.4fr 1fr; gap: 56px; }
  .about p{ margin: 0 0 1.1em; color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: 1.02rem; }
  .about strong{ color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
  .chips{ display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; margin-top: 22px; }
  .chip{
    font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.78rem; color: var(--delft);
    background: var(--delft-tint); border: 1px solid rgba(30,76,138,0.18);
    padding: 7px 13px; border-radius: 999px;
  }
  .stat-card{
    background: var(--paper-raised); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius-l);
    padding: 28px; box-shadow: var(--shadow-card);
  }
  .stat-card__row{ display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: baseline; padding: 13px 0; border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--line); }
  .stat-card__row:last-child{ border-bottom: none; }
  .stat-card__num{ font-family: var(--font-display); font-size: 1.5rem; color: var(--delft); }
  .stat-card__label{ font-size: 0.86rem; color: var(--ink-soft); text-align: right; }

  /* -------------------- Timeline (Education) -------------------- */
  .timeline{ position: relative; margin-left: 6px; padding-left: 34px; border-left: 2px solid var(--line); }
  .timeline__item{ position: relative; padding-bottom: 34px; }
  .timeline__item:last-child{ padding-bottom: 0; }
  .timeline__dot{
    position: absolute; left: -41px; top: 4px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;
    background: var(--paper); border: 3px solid var(--delft);
  }
  .timeline__year{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--brass); font-weight: 600; }
  .timeline__item h3{ font-size: 1.18rem; margin: 4px 0 4px; }
  .timeline__item p{ margin: 0; color: var(--ink-soft); }
  .timeline__item a{ color: var(--delft); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(30,76,138,0.3); }
  .timeline__item a:hover{ border-color: var(--delft); }

  /* -------------------- Work grid -------------------- */
  .work__grid{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(255px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }
  .work__card{
    background: var(--paper-raised); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius-l);
    padding: 26px 24px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink);
    display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; min-height: 190px;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card);
    transition: transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
  }
  .work__card:hover{ transform: translateY(-4px); border-color: var(--delft); }
  .work__icon{
    width: 38px; height: 38px; border-radius: 10px; background: var(--delft-tint);
    display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: var(--delft);
  }
  .work__icon svg{ width: 19px; height: 19px; }
  .work__card h3{ font-size: 1.12rem; margin: 4px 0 0; }
  .work__card p{ margin: 0; color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: 0.92rem; flex: 1; }
  .work__arrow{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--brass); display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; }

  /* -------------------- Affiliations -------------------- */
  .affil__list{ list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
  .affil__list li{
    display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: flex-start;
    padding: 18px 20px; background: var(--paper-raised); border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius-m);
  }
  .affil__list svg{ width: 18px; height: 18px; color: var(--brass); flex: none; margin-top: 3px; }
  .affil__list a{ color: var(--delft); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(30,76,138,0.3); }

  /* -------------------- Talks -------------------- */
  .talks{ display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
  .talks__row{
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 90px 1fr auto; gap: 18px; align-items: baseline;
    padding: 18px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft);
  }
  .talks__row:first-child{ padding-top: 0; }
  .talks__year{ font-family: var(--font-mono); color: var(--brass); font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.9rem; }
  .talks__name{ font-family: var(--font-display); font-size: 1.05rem; }
  .talks__venue{ color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: 0.92rem; }
  .talks__link{ color: var(--delft); text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.86rem; white-space: nowrap; }
  .talks__link:hover{ text-decoration: underline; }

  /* -------------------- Resources -------------------- */
  .resources__grid{ display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; }
  .resource-chip{
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;
    padding: 10px 16px; border-radius: 999px; border: 1px solid var(--line);
    background: var(--paper-raised); text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink);
    font-size: 0.9rem; transition: border-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
  }
  .resource-chip:hover{ border-color: var(--delft); color: var(--delft); }
  .resource-chip svg{ width: 14px; height: 14px; color: var(--brass); }

  /* -------------------- Footer / Contact -------------------- */
  .footer{
    position: relative; overflow: hidden;
    background: var(--delft-deep); color: rgba(255,255,255,0.86);
    padding: 78px 0 40px;
  }
  .footer__mesh{ position: absolute; inset: 0; opacity: 0.35; pointer-events: none; }
  .footer .container{ position: relative; z-index: 1; }
  .footer .eyebrow{ color: var(--brass-bright); }
  .footer .eyebrow::before{ color: var(--brass-bright); }
  .footer h2{ color: #fff; }
  .footer__grid{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.2fr 1fr 1fr; gap: 44px; margin-top: 40px; }
  .footer__col h3{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.78rem; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--brass-bright); font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 16px; }
  .footer__col p, .footer__col a{ color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78); font-size: 0.94rem; }
  .footer address{ font-style: normal; line-height: 1.7; }
  .footer__list{ list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 12px; }
  .footer__list a{ text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; }
  .footer__list a:hover{ color: #fff; }
  .footer__list svg{ width: 17px; height: 17px; flex: none; color: var(--brass-bright); }
  .footer__email-btn{
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; margin-top: 4px;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.08); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.25);
    color: #fff; padding: 9px 15px; border-radius: 999px; font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem;
    cursor: pointer;
  }
  .footer__email-btn:hover{ background: rgba(255,255,255,0.16); }
  .footer__bottom{
    margin-top: 56px; padding-top: 24px; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14);
    display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px;
    font-size: 0.82rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55);
  }
  .footer__bottom a{ color: rgba(255,255,255,0.72); text-decoration: none; }
  .to-top{
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.72); text-decoration: none; font-size: 0.82rem;
  }
  .to-top svg{ width: 14px; height: 14px; }

  /* -------------------- Sub-page header (non-hero pages) -------------------- */
  .page-header{
    position: relative; overflow: hidden;
    padding: 60px 0 56px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft);
  }
  .page-header__field{ position: absolute; top: -30%; right: -8%; width: 560px; height: 560px; opacity: 0.5; pointer-events: none; }
  .page-header .container{ position: relative; z-index: 1; }
  .breadcrumb{
    font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--ink-soft);
    text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; margin-bottom: 24px;
  }
  .breadcrumb:hover{ color: var(--delft); }
  .page-header h1{ font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.4vw, 2.8rem); margin-bottom: 0.3em; }
  .page-header__intro{ font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--ink-soft); max-width: 62ch; margin: 0; }

  /* -------------------- Content pages (publications, courses, etc.) -------------------- */
  .content-prose{ max-width: 820px; color: var(--ink-soft); font-size: 1.02rem; }
  .content-prose > *:first-child{ margin-top: 0; }
  .content-prose h2{
    font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 2.2em 0 0.75em; color: var(--ink);
    padding-bottom: 0.35em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .content-prose h2:first-child{ margin-top: 0; }
  .content-prose h3{ font-size: 1.12rem; margin: 1.5em 0 0.5em; color: var(--ink); }
  .content-prose p{ margin: 0 0 1em; }
  .content-prose ul, .content-prose ol{ margin: 0 0 1.2em; padding-left: 1.35em; }
  .content-prose li{ margin: 0.55em 0; }
  .content-prose a{ color: var(--delft); text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(30,76,138,0.28); }
  .content-prose a:hover{ border-color: var(--delft); }
  .content-prose em{ font-style: italic; color: var(--ink); }
  .content-prose img{ margin: 1.5em auto; border-radius: var(--radius-m); box-shadow: var(--shadow-card); }
  .content-prose .meta-link{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; white-space: nowrap; }

  .pub-item{ margin-bottom: 1.35em; padding-bottom: 1.35em; border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--line-soft); }
  .pub-item:last-child{ border-bottom: none; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; }
  .pub-item__title{ font-family: var(--font-display); color: var(--ink); font-size: 1.05rem; margin: 0 0 0.35em; }
  .pub-item__meta{ font-size: 0.92rem; color: var(--ink-faint); margin: 0; }

  .link-cards{ display: grid; gap: 14px; max-width: 640px; }
  .link-card{
    display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px;
    padding: 18px 22px; background: var(--paper-raised); border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: var(--radius-m); text-decoration: none; color: var(--ink);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-card); transition: transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
  }
  .link-card:hover{ transform: translateY(-2px); border-color: var(--delft); }
  .link-card span{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--brass); }

  .data-table-wrap{ overflow-x: auto; margin: 1em 0 1.5em; border: 1px solid var(--line); border-radius: var(--radius-m); background: var(--paper-raised); }
  .data-table{ width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 0.92rem; }
  .data-table th, .data-table td{ padding: 12px 14px; text-align: left; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line-soft); vertical-align: top; }
  .data-table th{ font-family: var(--font-mono); font-size: 0.78rem; letter-spacing: 0.04em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--delft); background: var(--delft-tint); }
  .data-table tr:last-child td{ border-bottom: none; }
  .data-table tbody tr:hover td{ background: rgba(30,76,138,0.04); }

  .tab-bar{ display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
  .tab-btn{
    font-family: var(--font-body); font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600;
    padding: 9px 16px; border-radius: 999px; border: 1px solid var(--line);
    background: var(--paper-raised); color: var(--ink-soft); cursor: pointer;
  }
  .tab-btn.is-active{ background: var(--delft); border-color: var(--delft); color: #fff; }
  .tab-panel{ display: none; }
  .tab-panel.is-active{ display: block; }

  /* -------------------- Reveal on scroll --------------------
     Content is fully visible by default so it never depends on
     JS to be readable (no-JS, crawlers, slow connections). Only
     once JS confirms it's running does it hide-then-reveal items. */
  .js-reveal .reveal{ opacity: 0; transform: translateY(16px); transition: opacity 0.6s ease, transform 0.6s ease; }
  .js-reveal .reveal.is-visible{ opacity: 1; transform: none; }

  /* -------------------- Responsive -------------------- */
  @media (max-width: 900px){
    .hero .container{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .hero__portrait{ order: -1; }
    .about__grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .work__grid{ grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
    .footer__grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; }
  }
  @media (max-width: 720px){
    .nav__links, .nav__cta .btn--ghost{ display: none; }
    .nav__toggle{ display: inline-flex; }
    .nav.is-open .nav__links{
      display: flex; position: absolute; top: 68px; left: 0; right: 0;
      background: var(--paper); flex-direction: column; padding: 20px 28px 28px;
      border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); gap: 18px;
    }
    .section{ padding: 60px 0; }
    .work__grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .talks__row{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 4px; }
    .talks__link{ margin-top: 4px; }
  }